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Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, ; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892〔Although Tito was born on 7 May after he became president of Yugoslavia he celebrated his birthday on 25 May to mark the unsuccessful 1944 Nazi attempt on his life. The Germans found forged documents that stated 25 May was Tito's birthday and attacked him on that day. (Vinterhalter 1972, p. 43.)〕 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Josip Broz Tito )〕 During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe.〔Jeffreys-Jones, R. (2013): (In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence ), Oxford University Press, p. 87. ISBN 9780199580972〕〔Adams, Simon (2005): (The Balkans ), Black Rabbit Books, p. 1981. ISBN 9781583406038〕 While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator"〔 "...All Yugoslavs had educational opportunities, jobs, food, and housing regardless of nationality. Tito, seen by most as a benevolent dictator, brought peaceful co-existence to the Balkan region, a region historically synonymous with factionalism."〕 due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad.〔Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly, ''State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992''; Palgrave Macmillan, 1997 p36 ISBN 0-312-12690-5 "''...Of course, Tito was a popular figure, both in Yugoslavia and outside it.''"〕 Viewed as a unifying symbol,〔Martha L. Cottam, Beth Dietz-Uhler, Elena Mastors, Thomas Preston, ''Introduction to political psychology'', Psychology Press, 2009 p.243 ISBN 1-84872-881-6 "''...Tito himself became a unifying symbol. He was charismatic and very popular among the citizens of Yugoslavia.''"〕 his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.〔Peter Willetts, ''The non-aligned movement: the origins of a Third World alliance'' (1978) p. xiv〕 Orson Welles once called him "the greatest man in the world today."〔http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/orson-welles-centenary-britain-has-tended-to-regard-the-citizen-kane-star-with-a-mix-of-reverence-and-disapproval-10324625.html〕 He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath. Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time.〔Ridley 1994, p. 59.〕 After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991–92. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as "national communism"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade and continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans. ==Early life== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Josip Broz Tito」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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